What document establishes three potential levels of impact?

The document that establishes three potential levels of impact is FIPS 199. This Federal Information Processing Standard defines the categorization of federal information and information systems based on the potential impact of a security breach. It outlines three distinct levels of impact: low, moderate, and high. This categorization is important for determining appropriate security controls and risk management requirements within federal agencies and is fundamental to the Risk Management Framework in federal information security.

By classifying an information system according to impact levels, organizations can prioritize their security measures more effectively, ensuring that the most critical information receives the level of protection it requires. This framework serves as a foundational element for compliance with various security mandates, helping organizations manage their information security risk efficiently.

The other options, while related to the broader context of information security and risk assessments, do not specifically outline the impact levels designated by FIPS 199. NIST 800-30 provides guidance on conducting risk assessments, FIPS 200 specifies minimum security requirements for federal information systems, and CNSS Instruction 1253 pertains to the protection of national security systems. Each of these contributes to the overall understanding of information security but does not specifically establish the impact levels found in FIPS 199.